In Turin in 1909, Luigi Giarlotto developed the first espresso machine that included a water pump.
Machine designs by Guido Snider and Marius Malausséna featured heat exchange and multi boiler capabilities, running on both gas and electricity.
Tests by Barista Hustle suggest that machines as early as the 1920s would have been able to produce persistent, long lasting crema.
Electric pumps were not employed on a machine until much later. Beniamino described the first known electric pump used on a coffee maker in his patent from 1950 for a machine called the Cordor.
In his 1910 patent, Pier Teresio Arduino described a batch-brewing group head to a large-scale upright boiler design with the first known screw piston for pressing the water out of the group head.